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Valuation techniques use all of the forecast assumptions and add extra, such as a valuation multiple and/or a discount rate, all of which are very subjective. Analysts in equities research must be proficient in financial modeling and may construct a three-statement model as well as DCF models or others as needed. The full financial statements are not required for these models because the investment returns are linked primarily to the company’s cash flow and cash flow growth rate.

Sell-side equity research typically refers to the equity research groups of investment banks. These groups are responsible for analyzing a specific sector in the stock market, and will typically cover 8-20 stocks within any given sector. They write equity research reports which provide an opinion to public investors as to what the fair price of a stock should be, and these reports are typically backed by projection models and sometimes DCF analysis. Financial modeling is one of the most highly valued, but thinly understood, skills in financial analysis. The objective of financial modeling is to combine accounting, finance, and business metrics to create a forecast of a company’s future results. Sell side firms such as investment banks produce equity research reports to be disseminated to their sales and trading clients and wealth management clients.

• With trading multiples, you calculate other companies’ values relative to their financial metrics, such as revenue or profits, and you apply those “multiples” to value your company.
• This is similar to a Sum of the Parts exercise where Division A and Division B are added together and a new, consolidated worksheet is created.
• Corporate bankers aim to win and retain clients who hire the bank for M&A deals, debt and equity issuances, and other transactions with higher fees.
• In their research and judgments, equity research analysts examine opportunities and dangers.

Of course, research reports are also released immediately upon a major announcement like an acquisition or a restructuring. Additionally, if an equity research analyst initiates coverage on a new stock, he/she will likely publish a comprehensive initiation piece. In this section of an equity research report, there will be lots of information on trends and competition in the industry. In this case, the purpose of the model is to estimate sales growth if a certain action is taken or a possible event occurs. Financial modeling is the process of creating a summary of a company’s expenses and earnings in the form of a spreadsheet that can be used to calculate the impact of a future event or decision. The required equity research analyst abilities are determined by an individual’s level of expertise in the area.

And the “exit value” when the company is sold is usually linked to metrics that act as proxies for cash flow, such as EBITDA (Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization). With trading multiples, you calculate other companies’ values relative to their financial metrics, such as revenue or profits, and you apply those “multiples” to value your company. In valuation models, you estimate the range of values an entire company might be worth today. If a company has already borrowed money, a 3-statement model might tell you how well it can repay that Debt over the next 5 years.

To learn more about each of the types of financial models and to perform detailed financial analysis, we have laid out detailed descriptions with relevant screenshots below. The key to being able to model effectively is to have good templates and a solid understanding of corporate finance, as covered in our courses. In this guide, we will outline the top ten most common models used in corporate finance by financial modeling professionals. An equity research report is a document prepared by an Analyst that provides a recommendation on whether investors should buy, hold, or sell shares of a public company. Additionally, it provides an overview of the business, the industry it operates in, the management team, its financial performance, risks, and the target price. When researching prominent stock market employment opportunities, you may come across the position of risk management analyst.

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Take your learning and productivity to the next level with our Premium Templates. Access and download collection of free Templates to help power your productivity and performance. Analysts are usually divided into industry sectors to cover similar companies within an industry. Most sectors have a lot of specialized knowledge required, so it makes sense for an analyst to stick to one industry where they can become experts.

You might remember from previous articles that equity research teams do not spend that much time writing these reports. The idea is similar, but an ER report is a “watered-down” version of a stock pitch. The sell side publishes reports to generate fees, both directly and indirectly. It’s important to distinguish between buy side and sell side research reports.

The easiest method to answer these questions is to relate your characteristics to those of an equities research analyst. The total compensation for these roles might range from $100K USD on the low end up to $500K USD depending on the industry, firm size, and location. Corporate bankers aim to win and retain clients who hire the bank for M&A deals, debt and equity issuances, and other transactions with higher fees.

CFI is the global institution behind the financial modeling and valuation analyst FMVA® Designation. CFI is on a mission to enable anyone to be a great financial analyst and have a great career path. In order to help you advance your career, CFI has compiled many resources to assist you along the path. If you’re looking for a career in equity research, then you’ve come to the right place. You’ll have to be good at financial modeling, valuation, and data visualization (charts and graphs for reports), and we’ve got all the courses you need to excel in all these areas. The main purpose of equity research is to provide investors with detailed financial analysis and recommendations on whether to buy, hold, or sell a particular investment.

Breaking Down an Equity Research Report

IIM SKILLS, provides a diverse choice of world-class courses such as Digital Marketing, Content Writing, and so on. The institute provides learning freedom and success tools, allowing companies, learners, publishers, and workers to empower themselves and others. It’s difficult to pinpoint financial modeling for equity research the timing of the ER recruitment process, but it’s reasonable to assume it’s not as quick as the IB recruiting procedure. You’ll still go through first-round interviews, which are commonly conducted over the phone or by video, before moving on to Superday interviews in the bank.

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Each of the other sections can easily be expanded or contracted to view sections of the model independently. The same differences apply to the Shawbrook research report vs. the stock pitch, but the stock pitch there is a “Short” recommendation where we claim that the company is overvalued by 30-50%. The first page of an “Update” report states the bank’s recommendation (Buy, Hold, or Sell, sometimes with slightly different terminology), and gives recent updates on the company. In each case, we started by creating traditional HF/AM stock pitches and valuations and then made our views weaker in the research reports.

Professionals in equity research have to forecast quarterly data (or whatever frequency the company reports, e.g., semi-annually in Europe). They must uncover the story hidden beneath a company’s data, whether qualitative or quantitative. This component of an equity research report will contain a wealth of information about industry developments and competition. Senior-level roles are almost always sales or negotiation jobs, where your role is to generate revenue by bringing in new clients, raising capital, or closing deals.

The Typical Sections of an Equity Research Report

Excel is used because it is the most flexible and customizable spreadsheet tool available. Other software programs may be too rigid and specialized, whereas Excel knowledge is generally more universal. The financial modeler creates one cell for the prior year’s sales, cell A, and one cell for the current year’s sales, cell B. The third cell, cell C, is used for a formula that divides the difference between cells A and B by cell A. Financial analysts use them to explain or anticipate the impact of events on a company’s stock, from internal factors such as a change of strategy or business model to external factors such as a change in economic policy or regulation. A bottom-up method begins with the fundamental revenue drivers, such as the number of customers or units sold, and works its way up to a revenue estimate.

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It takes years of experience to become an expert at building financial models, and you really have to learn by doing. Reading equity research reports can be helpful, as they give you something to compare your results to. A financial model is simply a spreadsheet which is usually built in Microsoft Excel, that forecasts a business’s financial performance into the future. A leveraged buyout transaction typically requires modeling complicated debt schedules and is an advanced form of financial modeling. An LBO is often one of the most detailed and challenging of all types of financial models, as the many layers of financing create circular references and require cash flow waterfalls. These types of models are not very common outside of private equity or investment banking.

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However, the sell-side analyst will not tie these factors to specific share-price impacts as a buy-side analyst would. If a company seems overvalued by 50%, a research analyst would probably write a “Hold” recommendation, say that there’s “uncertainty around several customers,” and claim that the company’s current market value is appropriate. In an equity research report, you’ll still express a view of the company that’s different from the consensus, but your view won’t be dramatically different. In a stock pitch, you’ll spend most of your time and energy on the Catalysts, Valuation, and Investment Risks because you want to express a VERY different view of the company. To understand an equity research report, you must understand what goes into a stock pitch first.